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• Higgs-Boson particle is infinitely small "god particle" said to give mass to everything
• Fermilab is using the particle accelerator (the Tevatron) to find the Higgs by speeding up protons and smashing them into each other
• As Fermilab draws nearer and nearer CERN is Switzerland builds the LHC a particle a particle accelerator 27 kilometers in circumference
• Fermilab funds are substantially cut by the government putting the Higgs research in terrible danger
• The separator spark in the Tevatron experienced problems and it was shut down for 2 weeks to fix it
• In Summer '06 Fermilab produced 1 inverse femtobarn which is a measure of the gazillions of collisions produced since March '01
• Fall '08 LHC will be up and running
• Fermilab is looking for the Higgs at 115-135GeV
• They developed e- cooling which makes more antiprotons which means more collisions
• CERN has 7x more energy making it hard for the LHC to find the "light Higgs"
• The bump of data John's group previously found, which was rumored to be the Higgs, disappeared
• December '07 62 million more is cut from the budget and many scientists are forced to work at CERN

Joe's comment - I think The Higgs particle deserves more attention than it is getting. I think it is a shame that American scientists are forced to go elsewhere to study in their particular field. I think American businesses are already outsourcing enough and now a government funded project is losing money. I think it's wrong.

Blog for 10/6/09.

Is there not a blog for tonight?

LAST BLOG OF THE FIRST QUARTER

Elements of the 5th Period

• In the 18 elements of the 5th period, the sublevels fill similar to the 4th period(see previous blog)

succesive electrons are added first to the 5s sublevel, then the 4d, and finally the 4p.

-if you look at the periodic table, it flows straight across. A video from my comment last Friday explains this.

• Sample Problem B: (a) Write the complete electron configuration and noble gas notation of the semi-cool element. aka-iron (Fe); atomic #= 26 [not as cool as Rubidium, which is in problem C]
• (b) How many electron-containing orbitals are in the semi-cool element iron? How many orbitals are completely filled? How many unpaired electrons are in one atom of iron? What sublevel are the unpaired electrons in?

ANSWERS: (a) [1s2,2s2,2p6,]->10[3s2,3p6,4s2]->10[3d6]-- the 10s are Dr. B's way of grouping electrons so you can keep track of them (they do like to move around a lot)

(b) electron containing orbitals-15 (REMEMBER--s=1 orbital;p=3 orbitals;d=5; and f=7) count them up for each level/ completely filled orbitals-11(you can see this by drawing out the orbital notation aka the arrow-line things)/number of unpaired electrons-4 (all those lonely arrows)/the orbital of the unpaired elecrons-3d (where the lonely electrons are found)

• For more practice with this stuff, check out sample problem C in our book.
• HOMEWORK-#11 P. 125-126 #33-41 AND study for that test on thursday, sounds like a doozy

test help Ch. 3 -p. 88 and 89 in our books

Ch. 4 - p. 123 Dr. B told us to know all the vocab and ideas from the chapter.

If you need help, e-mail Dr. B, search your friendly internet, or just pray to Our Lady of Partial Credit on Thursday

P.S. This blog is in honor of the great Griff "doesn't have a nickname that I know yet" Moran.

Friday, October 2

Electron Configuration Notation

- Electron configuration notation eliminates the lines and arrows of orbital notation

- Instead, the number of electrons in a sublevel is shown by adding a superscript to the sublevel designation

- The helium configuration is represented by 1s²

- The superscript indicates that there are 2 electrons in helium’s 1s orbital

Elements of the Second Period

- In the first period elements, hydrogen and helium, electrons occupy the orbital of the first main energy level

- According to the Aufbau principle, after the 1s orbital is filled, the next electron occupies the s sublevel in the second main energy level

- The highest occupied energy level is the electron-containing main energy level with the highest principal quantum number

- The inner-shell electrons are electrons that are not in the highest occupied energy level

Elements of the Third Period

- After the outer octet is filled in neon, the next electron enters the s sublevel in the n=3 main energy level

- Noble Gas Notation

o The Group 18 elements (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon) are called noble gases

o A noble gas configuration refers to an outer pain energy level occupied, in most cases, by 8 electrons

o Ex. K-19 = [1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶]4s¹

- = [Ar]4s¹ ← complete electron configuration

o Remember, only noble gases can be placed in brackets

Orbital Box Diagrams

- Uses boxes, putting the correct arrows in the box

- Just like the line and arrow diagram

Elements of the Fourth Period

- The period begins by filling the 4s orbital, the empty orbital of lowest energy

- With the 4s sublevel filled, the 4p and 3d sublevels are the next available vacant orbitals

- The 3d sublevel is lower in energy than the 4p sublevel. Therefore, the five 3d orbitals are next to be filled

- Notable exceptions to this are Copper and Chromium

Electron Configurations

Section 3 Electron Configurations

The order of increasing energy for atomic sub levels is show on the vertical axis on page 111 of the chemistry book. Each individual box represents an orbital.

Rules Governing Electron Configurations

• According to the Aufbau principle, an electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it.
• According to the Pauli exclusive principle, no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set for four quantum numbers.
• According to Hund's rule, orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state.

Representing Electron Configurations

Orbital Notation

• An occupied orbital is represented by a line, with the orbital's name written underneath the line.
• An orbital containing one electron is represented as one arrow pointing in the upright position with a line under it.

• An orbital containing two electrons are represented as one arrow pointing in the upright position(North) and one arrow pointing in the down position(South) with a single line under both.

• The lines are labeled with the principal quantum number and sub level letter. For example, the orbital notation for helium is written as the symbol He to the left of an arrow pointing North and an arrow pointing South with an single line under it having (1s).

P.S. The arrows with (1s) written under it is written similar to a fraction having (He) as the whole number.

Wednesday September 30, 2009

The Schrondinger Wave Equation

• Electrons do not travel around the nucleus in neat orbits, as Bohr had postulated.
• Instead, they exist in certain regions called orbitals.
• An orbital is a three-dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probably location of an electron.

Remember! Dr. B said that she did NOT like the use of the word orbital. Do not think of them as neat train tracks but as a volume.

Atomic orbitals and Quantum numbers

• Quantum numbers specify the proterties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals.
• The principle quantum number, symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron.
• The angular momentum quantum number, symbolized by a lower-case L (she likes it in cursive), indicates the shape of the orbital.
• The magnetic quantum number, symbolized by m, indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus.
• The spin quantum number (s) has only two possible values, +1/2 or -1/2, which indicates the two fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital.

Here is a chart she put up on the board which helps clarify the meaning of this.


Principal Quantum Number
Energy n= 1,2,3,...
Angular l= 0,1,2...n-1
Magnetic m= -l...0...+l
Spin s= +1/2, -1/2

Here are some Sample problems we did in Class illustrating this.

N=1 then
l=0 then
m=0 then
s=+1/2,-1/2
The total number of electrons is 2 (2e-)
This is actually the first row in the Periodic Table!.... hooray...?

Here is another.
N=2 then
l=0 or 1 then
m=0
s=+1/2,-1/2
Thus we have 2e- + 6e- which = 8e-.
If you are still not quite sure what happened, check out the diagrams in your books.
As a matter of fact, I will just give you a free one right here.


Quantum Numbers of the first 30 atomic orbitals

n l m orbital names Number of orbitals

1 0 0 1s 1
2 0 0 2s 1
2 1 -1,0,1 2p 3
3 0 0 3s 1
3 1 -1,0,1 3p 3
3 2 -2,-1,0,1,2 3d 5
4 0 0 4s 1
4 1 -1,0,1 4p 3
4 2 -2,-1,0,1,2 4d 5
4 3 -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3 4f 7

The s,p,l,f,g are the sub-level orbitals

Electron Configurations

• The arrangement of electrons in an atom is known as the atom's electron configuration.
• The lowest-energy arrangement of the electrons for each element is called the element's ground-state electron, configuration.

Don't forget that Dr. B expects everyone to have finished the chapter by Thursday! (we are in section 3 right now)

Also in as a side note, Dr. B has not given a quiz for a while now, it would probably a good idea to start preparing for a very possible not to mention probable pop quiz.

Have a good day!

sorry i am late soccer ran long and my car pool had some more important errands...

we watched a movie but first jimbo talked about the cat in the box, colby got into trouble for being colby, and Dr. B. rejected me for prayer....again. Movie started at 12:30 and it was 72 degrees.

movie starts showing Fermilab, site of the once largest particle accelerator in the world. Physicists on the hunt for an amazing new particle, Higs Photon. (Lab also home to airplane club, tango club, and a rock band.)

Founder of the lab is Leon Ledermen, who explains how after the war science seemed to explode into a mass of discoveries. he says the immigration + science= american success

fermilab was stationed in texas and in 1977 they discovered the first of three quarks. the second twenty years later. (called a lab on the prarie because its surrounded by bison.) Quarks are connected by Gluon.

Accelerator works by first taking the electron out of say a hydrogen atom, leaving the proton; the proton is then shocked, making it speed up, while maintaining control via massive magnets. speed increases until BAM, SMASH, KABOOM, instant entertainment and occasionally some new information.

Higgs photon is so important because it is believed to be the cause of mass in all particles. mass is what defines our universe. can explain how our universe began.

expected discovery time=ten years from 2004.

sadly that wont happen because in 2006 the united states government made a budget cut canceling the program.

have a good night yall ill be in touch.